Understanding the Factors That Affect Pool Costs

Pool installer Nashville

What You Need to Know About Pool Financing Options

Residential pools typically need weekly cleaning, chemical balancing, and occasional filter maintenance. Bigger pools often demand more extensive excavation, additional plumbing, and larger filtration systems, all of which contribute to higher expenses. Best nashville pool builders TN. Best pool installer nashville TN. The non-porous material resists algae growth and requires fewer chemicals, saving both time and money. "If your pool warranty claim is denied, the first step is to review the rejection letter and warranty terms carefully.

Routine tasks such as skimming debris, vacuuming, and brushing the walls prevent buildup and maintain water clarity. Gathering additional documentation, such as maintenance logs or photos, can strengthen your case.

Consider the layout, ensuring there's enough room for loungers, tables, and walkways. By understanding the characteristics of each type, you can choose the pool that best fits your needs and lifestyle."

Regular maintenance can help prevent major issues, but if repairs are needed, getting multiple quotes from reputable contractors can ensure fair pricing.



Understanding the Factors That Affect Pool Costs - Palm Trees & Tropical Plants

  1. Rock & Stone Accents
  2. Pool Inspectors
  3. Saltwater Generators
  4. Natural Pools
  5. Pool Heaters
  6. Ozone Pool Systems

By taking a comprehensive approach, you'll have a clearer understanding of the full financial commitment and can plan accordingly." "Pool construction costs vary widely depending on the chosen method.

Understanding the Factors That Affect Pool Costs - Calcium Hardness Regulators

  1. Building Codes & Zoning Laws
  2. Gunite Application
  3. Leaf Nets & Skimmers
  4. Bromine Systems
  5. Chlorine Systems
Additionally, maintaining a balanced water chemistry can reduce strain on both the filter and pump, allowing them to operate efficiently and extend their lifespan." "A water-conserving pool design incorporates features that reduce evaporation, minimize water waste, and ensure efficient use.

By following these guidelines, pool builders create safe environments that reduce accidents and foster enjoyable experiences for everyone." "Investing in energy-efficient pool equipment and features can lead to significant savings and environmental benefits over time.

Equipment issues, such as a noisy pump or a leaking filter, should be inspected and repaired promptly. If you plan to add features like a spa, lighting, or a waterfall, factor those into the overall budget. best pool contractor Nashville,TN.

By incorporating these features, you'll create a welcoming environment that everyone can enjoy safely and comfortably."

Plunging Pools

Pool Builder

Wallaby Pools


How Pool Warranties Can Affect Resale Value

By staying consistent and using efficient systems, homeowners can keep their pool maintenance costs under control while extending the pool's lifespan." Additionally, modern pool slides are designed with safety features such as non-slip surfaces and sturdy handrails, ensuring that everyone can enjoy them with peace of mind." Commercial pools, however, demand more frequent testing, daily cleaning, and robust filtration schedules to handle constant bather loads. Positive feedback from multiple clients indicates that the contractor consistently delivers satisfactory results. best pool company Nashville TN.

"Adding features like LED lighting, water fountains, slides, or built-in spas can significantly enhance your pool's enjoyment, but they come with additional costs. Installing a pool slide adds an element of entertainment and encourages active play, creating lasting memories for children and adults alike.

Upgraded features such as energy-efficient pumps, automated controls, and LED lighting make the pool more attractive to prospective buyers.

Understanding the Factors That Affect Pool Costs - pH Balancers

  1. Luxury Resort-style Pools
  2. Smart Pool Technology
  3. Seasonal Pool Opening & Closing
  4. Lap Pools
  5. Pool Vacuuming
  6. Waterfalls
  7. Algaecides
These inspections check for proper water circulation, the condition of drain covers, and the effectiveness of barriers such as fences or covers.

Saltwater pools may need additional power for the salt chlorine generator, while traditional chlorine pools rely solely on pumps and filters.

How Pool Warranties Can Affect Resale Value
How to Know When It’s Time for a Pool Renovation

How to Know When It’s Time for a Pool Renovation

"The materials used in pool construction significantly impact the project's overall cost. Though the initial investment may be higher, the long-term savings on utility bills and the reduction in carbon emissions make solar energy a practical and sustainable choice for pool owners." "Enhancing pool insulation can significantly improve energy efficiency by reducing heat loss and lowering heating costs. While both types of pools can benefit from efficient filtration systems and durable materials, the selection of features is tailored to meet the distinct needs of private homeowners versus public facilities."

Using a variable-speed pump and advanced filtration systems reduces the need for frequent backwashing, saving thousands of gallons annually. By adopting these sustainable heating solutions, pool owners can enjoy warm water while protecting the planet."

Natural materials like stone or locally sourced aggregates minimize the carbon footprint associated with shipping and manufacturing. "Finding a reliable pool contractor near you begins with thorough research and due diligence.

Understanding the Factors That Affect Pool Costs - Concrete Pools

  1. Pool Construction Insurance
  2. Palm Trees & Tropical Plants
  3. Fiberglass Pools
  4. Concrete Pools
  5. Calcium Hardness Regulators
  6. pH Balancers


Additionally, energy-efficient pools tend to have a smaller environmental impact, which can add value to the property and appeal to eco-conscious buyers.

Common Pool Problems and How to Fix Them

"Constructing a commercial pool involves higher costs than residential pools due to larger sizes, enhanced filtration systems, and compliance with strict regulations. Over the long term, these investments pay off financially and help reduce your environmental footprint." Solar-powered lights are energy-efficient and eco-friendly, making them an appealing choice for environmentally conscious homeowners. Before hiring a contractor, request a copy of their warranty policies and ask questions to ensure you're fully aware of what's covered and for how long."

In addition to these in-ground options, above-ground pools offer a more affordable and temporary solution. Following these steps helps you make the most of your pool warranty, protecting your investment and ensuring a smooth resolution for any covered issues."

"Building a pool often requires permits and inspections, which can add hundreds to thousands of dollars to the project's overall cost. Determine whether you need a pool for exercise, family fun, or relaxation, as this can influence the type and features you choose.

With these steps, you can extend the life of your pool liner and keep your pool looking great."

Common Pool Problems and How to Fix Them
Steps Involved in Pool Resurfacing
Steps Involved in Pool Resurfacing

They're also subject to regular health department inspections and must maintain detailed maintenance records. Consider their communication style and responsiveness, as these traits often indicate how smoothly the project will proceed. Key questions include: “How long have you been in business?” “Are you licensed and insured?” “Can you provide references from previous clients?” “What is your estimated timeline for this project?” “How do you handle unexpected issues or changes in the design?” These questions help ensure that the contractor has the necessary expertise, communicates effectively, and can adapt to challenges, giving you confidence that the project will be completed successfully." "Pool contractors must have a thorough understanding of safety regulations to ensure that their projects meet all local, state, and federal standards.

Key tasks include regularly cleaning the pool filter, inspecting the pump and motor for wear, and checking all seals and O-rings for leaks. A licensed contractor has been vetted by local authorities, ensuring they are qualified to perform the work and adhere to safety codes.

A structural warranty may protect against issues such as cracks or leaks in the pool's shell. Checking the heater, salt chlorine generator, and automation system for wear and tear ensures reliable operation.

"Essential pool safety equipment includes a well-maintained fence, self-closing and self-latching gates, and a sturdy pool cover.

Understanding the Factors That Affect Pool Costs - Concrete Pools

  1. Plaster Finishing
  2. Self-cleaning Pools
  3. Above Ground Pools
  4. Liability Insurance
  5. Tile & Mosaics
  6. Pool Equipment Suppliers


How Solar Heating Can Improve Pool Efficiency

"The choice between saltwater and chlorine pools often comes down to maintenance preferences, initial costs, and personal comfort. Simpler designs, like rectangular or kidney-shaped pools, are generally more affordable and quicker to build. Some homeowners opt for beach-entry designs that provide a gradual slope, creating a natural and accessible entry point. By incorporating these energy-saving measures, you'll enjoy lower utility bills and a more environmentally friendly pool."

"The complexity of your pool's design can significantly impact its overall construction costs. Once the old surface is stripped away, the pool's structure is thoroughly cleaned and prepped.

Freeform or kidney-shaped pools blend naturally with landscaped areas and offer a more organic appearance. Professional installation ensures that all connections are secure and that the system is optimized for the best energy performance."

Ideally, you should perform a basic visual check of the pool's water level, filtration system, and safety features once a week.



Understanding the Factors That Affect Pool Costs - Pool Construction Insurance

  1. UV Pool Sanitizers
  2. Automation Systems
  3. Rebar Reinforcement
  4. Pool Covers
  5. pH & Alkalinity Adjusters
  6. Water Testing & Chemical Safety
  7. Energy-efficient Pool Equipment
How Solar Heating Can Improve Pool Efficiency

Pool suction-drain injury, also known as suction entrapment, occurs when the drain of a wading pool, swimming pool, hot tub, or fountain sucks in a swimmer's jewelry, torso, limbs, hair or buttocks. In some cases of buttocks entrapment, victims are disemboweled. In the United States, 147 incidents were documented between 1985 and 2002 of which 36 were fatal.[1] In 1982, the Consumer Product Safety Commission reported that five children were disemboweled by drains in wading pools and urged pools to install covers on drains.[2][3]

A standard 8 inches (20 cm) main drain can develop up to 350 pounds (160 kg) of force, which could hold a person underwater in tight grip until the suction is released. This can drown the entrapped person, despite the rescue efforts of multiple adults.[4]

One way to make drains safer is to install shut-off valves and dome-shape drains that are less likely to create a suction effect with the human body, as required in the United States by the 2007 Virginia Graeme Baker Pool and Spa Safety Act. And as a result of that cases nowadays are extremely rare to nonexistent.[5]

Notable cases

[edit]

United States

[edit]
 
Name Date Incident
Carol Parker 1957 A 13-year-old in Prattville, Alabama was sucked feet-first to her hips into a drain of a municipal pool and remained stuck under nine feet of water despite two lifeguards' efforts. She was able to escape the drain when a pool bystander turned off the pump.[6]
Valerie Lakey 1993 In Cary, North Carolina, 5-year-old Valerie Lakey was disemboweled by a kiddie pool when her bottom became stuck to the drain. Neither turning off the pump nor the strength of four adults dislodged her. The drain cover manufacturer, Sta-Rite, claimed the cover was improperly installed. Lakey survived without most of her small and large intestine and received a $30.9 million settlement from Sta-Rite ($25 million), Wake County, Medfield Area Recreation Club, and others ($5.9 million combined). It was the largest personal injury verdict in North Carolina history and a landmark case of lawyer John Edwards, later a Senator and vice presidential nominee.[7]
Virginia Graeme Baker June 2002 The seven-year-old granddaughter of former US Secretary of State James Baker died of suction entrapment due to a faulty drain cover and died in her mother's arms at the bottom of a hot tub.[8] The United States Congress passed a pool safety act under her name in 2007.[5]
Abigail Taylor 2007 The six-year-old died in 2008 nine months after her injury despite subsequent surgeries. Scott and Katey Taylor, her parents, lobbied for the Virginia Graeme Baker Pool and Spa Safety Act, which was passed the year of Abigail's injury.[9]
Salma Bashir 2008 During a holiday with her family, she was disemboweled while in the kids' swimming pool. As of the time of the report, she was fed by a TPN bag and was waiting for a multiple organ transplant.[10] After getting a small intestine transplant, her body rejected the organ and six months later it was removed, as was her large intestine and gall bladder. She died on January 1, 2024.[11]
Evan Pappas 2018 Survived an entrapment of 7 minutes 40 seconds in a lazy river in South Carolina in 2018.[12]

References

[edit]
  1. ^ Rowley, William N.; Egstrom, Glen H.; Witte, Donald H.; Rocha, Ester; Rocha, Francisco (2008). "Dual-Main-Drain Suction-Entrapment Test Report". International Journal of Aquatic Research and Education: 190–212 – via Bowling Green State University.
  2. ^ "Open drain holes in wading pools have accidentally disemboweled five children". The Daily Sentinel-Tribune. 1982-08-10. p. 12. Retrieved 2024-07-23.
  3. ^ "Children Are Disemboweled by Pool Drains". Lancaster New Era. 1982-08-10. p. 8. Retrieved 2024-07-23.
  4. ^ Dumas, Bob (October 2003). "Troubled Waters". Pool and Spa News. Los Angeles: Hanley Wood LLC. Archived from the original on 2011-07-15.
  5. ^ a b "'She Died in My Arms': A Mother's Mission for Safe Pools". ABC News. July 23, 2008. Retrieved February 11, 2022.
  6. ^ "Alert Youth Rescues Girl from Pool Drain". Chattanooga Daily Times. 1957-06-27. p. 9. Retrieved 2024-07-23.
  7. ^ "$30.9 MILLION FOR GIRL DISEMBOWELED IN POOL DRAIN MAKER: COVER WAS INSTALLED WRONG". Associated Press. January 15, 1997. Retrieved February 11, 2022.
  8. ^ "Parents of Kids Killed in Pool Drain Accidents Outraged By Federal Rethink of Safety Law". ABC News. March 30, 2010. Retrieved 2024-07-23.
  9. ^ "Girl dies 9 months after horrific pool injury". NBC News. March 21, 2008. Retrieved February 11, 2022.
  10. ^ Mikolay, Anne (June 8, 2020). "The Unbelievable Story of Salma Bashir". Atlantic Highlands Herald. Archived from the original on 2021-11-17. Retrieved 2021-11-17.
  11. ^ "Girl Whose Insides Were Sucked From Body While Sitting On Pool Suction Defies Medical Odds". Archived from the original on 6 May 2023.
  12. ^ Bever, Lindsey (2021-10-26). "How a child survived eight terrifying minutes trapped underwater". Washington Post. ISSN 0190-8286. Archived from the original on Jan 22, 2021.

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Nashville, Tennessee, United States.

Prior to 19th century

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19th century

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20th century

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1900s-1940s

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1950s-1990s

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21st century

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See also

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References

[edit]
  1. ^ a b Federal Writers' Project 1939.
  2. ^ a b c d e Wooldridge 1890.
  3. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p Britannica 1910.
  4. ^ J.G.M. Ramsey (1853), The annals of Tennessee to the end of the eighteenth century, Charleston, Tenn.: J. Russell, OCLC 11827530, OL 13558206M
  5. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v Robert 1880.
  6. ^ Williams 1860, p. 90: "History of the Nashville Press"
  7. ^ a b c d "Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture". University of Tennessee Press.
  8. ^ a b c d e Davies Project. "American Libraries before 1876". Princeton University. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
  9. ^ "Research & Collections". Tennessee Historical Society. Archived from the original on December 8, 2013. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
  10. ^ Jedidiah Morse; Richard C. Morse (1823), "Nashville", A New Universal Gazetteer (4th ed.), New Haven: S. Converse
  11. ^ a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990, U.S. Census Bureau, 1998
  12. ^ a b c d Williams 1860.
  13. ^ Marshall 1881.
  14. ^ John V. Armstrong (1898), Tennessee School for the Blind: History and Prospectus, Nashville, OL 23400876Mcitation: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  15. ^ "Nashville: Publishing Bibles Is Big Business", Los Angeles Times, May 28, 1986
  16. ^ Crystal A. deGregory (February 17, 2015), "Nashville's Clandestine Black Schools", New York Times, Disunion
  17. ^ Acts of the State of Tennessee. 1867.
  18. ^ Catalogue and Price-List, Nashville, Tenn: Nashville Saddlery Co., 1889, OCLC 307639234, OL 25397858M
  19. ^ a b c "US Newspaper Directory". Chronicling America. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
  20. ^ a b "List of Manuscript Collection Finding Aids". Tennessee State Library and Archives. Archived from the original on June 10, 2015. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
  21. ^ Eben S. Stearns (1885), Historical sketch of the Normal College, at Nashville, Tenn, Cincinnati: Elm Street Printing Company, OL 24875063M
  22. ^ "St. Patrick's Day Snowstorm of 1892". National Weather Service. Retrieved December 29, 2016.
  23. ^ a b "Historic Theatre Inventory". Maryland, USA: League of Historic American Theatres. Archived from the original on July 21, 2013. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
  24. ^ Hulda M. Lyttle (1939). "A School for Negro Nurses: At the George W. Hubbard Hospital and Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee". American Journal of Nursing. 39.
  25. ^ ) Public Library, Nashville (Tenn (1904). Annual Report of Carnegie Library of Nashville, Tenn.
  26. ^ Doyle 1990.
  27. ^ "Nashville". Official Register and Directory of Women's Clubs in America. 1913.
  28. ^ American Art Annual. NY. 1911.cite book: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
  29. ^ a b "Special Collections Division: Finding Aids". Nashville Public Library. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
  30. ^ National League on Urban Conditions Among Negroes (1912), "Establishment of Branch Organizations in the Several Cities", Bulletin, vol. 2, hdl:2027/chi.14025482
  31. ^ "50 U.S. Cities and Their Stories: Nashville", American Influenza Epidemic of 1918–1919: a Digital Encyclopedia, University of Michigan, retrieved February 1, 2016 (includes timeline)
  32. ^ "Historical Markers - Nashville Sites". Nashville.gov. Retrieved December 29, 2016.
  33. ^ "Timeline". War Memorial Auditorium. Retrieved December 29, 2016.
  34. ^ a b c Jack Alicoate, ed. (1939), "Standard Broadcasting Stations of the United States: Tennessee", Radio Annual, New York: Radio Daily, OCLC 2459636
  35. ^ a b c Charles A. Alicoate, ed. (1960), "Television Stations: Tennessee", Radio Annual and Television Year Book, New York: Radio Daily Corp., OCLC 10512206
  36. ^ "Movie Theaters in Nashville, TN". CinemaTreasures.org. Los Angeles: Cinema Treasures LLC. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
  37. ^ "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved December 29, 2016.
  38. ^ "Events", Civil Rights Digital Library, Athens, GA: Digital Library of Georgia (Timeline)
  39. ^ "Key Dates in the Auditorium's History". Municipal Auditorium. Retrieved December 29, 2016.
  40. ^ Nownes 2010.
  41. ^ "Metropolitan Council". Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County, Tennessee. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
  42. ^ Pluralism Project. "Hinduism in America". America's Many Religions: Timelines. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
  43. ^ "U.S. Foreign-Trade Zones Board Order Summary". Washington DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
  44. ^ "Merchandise Received and Exports: Top 25, 2015", Annual Report of the Foreign-Trade Zones Board to the Congress of the United States, 2016
  45. ^ "The Bluebird Cafe". www.bluebirdcafe.com. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
  46. ^ "Nashville Eats". University of Mississippi, Southern Foodways Alliance. March 2006. Retrieved October 30, 2014.
  47. ^ Vernon N. Kisling, Jr., ed. (2001). "Zoological Gardens of the United States (chronological list)". Zoo and Aquarium History. USA: CRC Press. p. 375+. ISBN 978-1-4200-3924-5.
  48. ^ "Metro Government Website History". Metropolitan Government of Nashville. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
  49. ^ "Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County". Archived from the original on January 9, 1997 – via Internet Archive, Wayback Machine.
  50. ^ "Mayor's Office". Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County. Archived from the original on August 2, 2002.
  51. ^ "Gore challenges Bradley to debates; moves campaign HQ to Tennessee". CNN. September 29, 1999. Archived from the original on December 5, 2006.
  52. ^ "Nissan Set to Relocate", New York Times, March 9, 2006
  53. ^ "Meet the Mayors". Washington, D.C.: United States Conference of Mayors. Archived from the original on June 27, 2008. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
  54. ^ David Bornstein (February 19, 2014), "Immigrants Welcome Here", New York Times
  55. ^ "About Us". Parnassus Books. Retrieved October 30, 2014.

Bibliography

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Published in 19th century

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Published in 20th century

[edit]

1900s-1940s

[edit]

1950s-1990s

[edit]
  • Daniel R. Grant (1955). "Urban and Suburban Nashville: A Case Study in Metropolitanism". Journal of Politics. 17.
  • Eleanor Graham (1957). "Nashville Community Study". Peabody Journal of Education. 35.
  • Egerton, John (1979). Nashville: The Faces of Two Centuries, 1780–1980. Nashville, Tennessee: PlusMedia. LCCN 79089173.
  • Doyle, Don H. (1985). Nashville Since the 1920s
  • Frank Burns (1989). Robert B. Jones (ed.). Davidson County. Tennessee County History Series. Memphis State University Press. OCLC 6820526. Free access icon (Includes information about Nashville)
  • Anita Shafer Goodstein (1989), Nashville, 1780-1860: from frontier to city, Gainesville: University of Florida Press, ISBN 0813009405
  • Don Harrison Doyle (1990), New Men, New Cities, New South: Atlanta, Nashville, Charleston, Mobile, 1860-1910, Chapel Hill: University of North Carolina Press, ISBN 0807818836
  • Robert G. Spinney (1995). "Municipal Government in Nashville, Tennessee, 1938-1951: World War II and the Growth of the Public Sector". Journal of Southern History. 61.
  • Lovett, Bobby L. (1999). African-American History of Nashville, Tennessee, 1780–1930: Elites and Dilemmas. University of Arkansas Press. ISBN 1-55728-555-1.
  • Carey, Bill (2000). Fortunes, Fiddles, & Fried Chicken: A Nashville Business History. Franklin, Tennessee: Hillsboro Press. ISBN 1-57736-178-4.

Published in 21st century

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  • Egerton, John; Wood, E. Thomas, eds. (2001). Nashville: An American Self-Portrait. Nashville, Tennessee: Beaten Biscuit Press. ISBN 0-9706702-1-4.
  • Duke, Jan (2005). Historic Photos of Nashville. Nashville, Tennessee: Turner Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59652-184-1.
  • Richard Pillsbury, ed. (2006). "Nashville". Geography. New Encyclopedia of Southern Culture. Vol. 2. University of North Carolina Press. p. 180. OCLC 910189354.
  • Southern Foodways Alliance, University of Mississippi (2006), Camp Nashville: A Bibliography of Music City and Meat-N-Threes
  • Padgett, David A. (2007). "Nashville". In Bullard, Robert D. (ed.). Growing Smarter: Achieving Livable Communities, Environmental Justice, and Regional Equity. MIT Press. p. 127. ISBN 978-0-262-52470-4.
  • McGuire, Jim (2007). Historic Photos of the Opry: Ryman Auditorium 1974. Nashville, Tennessee: Turner Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59652-373-9.
  • Zepp, George R. (2009). Hidden History of Nashville. Charleston, South Carolina: History Press. ISBN 978-1-59629-792-0.
  • Haugen, Ashley Driggs (2009). Historic Photos of Nashville in the 50s, 60s and 70s. Nashville, Tennessee: Turner Publishing. ISBN 978-1-59652-539-9.
  • Anthony J. Nownes, David J. Houston, and Marc Schwerdt (2010). "An assessment of the city-county consolidation of Nashville and Davidson County, Tennessee". In Suzanne M. Leland; Kurt Thurmaier (eds.). City-County Consolidation: Promises Made, Promises Kept?. Georgetown University Press. ISBN 978-1-58901-622-4.cite book: CS1 maint: multiple names: authors list (link)
  • Houston, Benjamin (2012). The Nashville Way: Racial Etiquette and the Struggle for Social Justice in a Southern City. Athens, Georgia: University of Georgia Press. ISBN 978-0-8203-4327-3.
  • Lloyd, Richard; Christens, Brian D. (2012). "Reaching for Dubai: Nashville Dreams of a Twenty-First-Century Skyline". In Peterson, Marina; McDonogh, Gary (eds.). Global Downtowns. City in the Twenty-First Century. University of Pennsylvania Press. ISBN 978-0-8122-0805-4.
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36°10′00″N 86°47′00″W / 36.166667°N 86.783333°W / 36.166667; -86.783333

 

A 5-seat hot tub with a cast acrylic shell, supported by a frame structure, showing vents for water circulation and massage
Outdoor hot tubs
 

A hot tub is a large tub full of water used for hydrotherapy, relaxation or pleasure. Some have powerful jets for massage purposes. Hot tubs are sometimes also known as "spas" or by the trade name Jacuzzi.[1] Hot tubs may be located outdoors or indoors.

In contrast to a typical bathtub, a hot tub is designed to be used by more than one person at a time, with many models accommodating four or more people. Unlike baths, soaps and shampoos are not used in wet-jetted hot tubs (although they can be used in air-jetted hot tubs). Home hot tubs are often closer in construction to standard bathtubs, while the construction of a public hot tub often has more in common with a swimming pool, of which it can be considered a type.

History

[edit]

The earliest hot tubs were calderas in which hot stones were placed to heat the water.[citation needed] Therma in Ikaria has been a very popular place particularly for hydrotherapy ever since the 4th century B.C.[2] The remains of wrecked marble bathtubs along with a prehistoric aqueduct that have been unearthed from this area bear ample testimony of the place's popularity in the ancient times.[2]

In 737 A.D., Japan's first onsen opened near Izumo, Shimane, and centuries later, the first ryokan (inns) were built, offering food, accommodations, and soaking tubs called ofuro.

In ancient Rome, there were three types of baths: Baths at home (balnea), private baths (balnea privata), and public baths (balnea publica). The practice of bathing was so engrained that the Roman legions, during their long occupations in foreign lands, built their own baths at mineral and thermal springs in the newly conquered lands. Examples are found all over Europe.[3]

In the 1940s, hot tubs began to appear in the US, inspired by the Japanese ofuro. Hydrotherapy pumps were introduced by Jacuzzi. Fiberglass shell hot tubs appeared around 1970 and were soon superseded by cast acrylic shells.

Water treatment

[edit]

Plumbing

[edit]

The plumbing of the hot tub consists of:

  • A pressure system delivering water to the jets.
  • A suction system returning water to the pumps.
  • A filtration system: the plumbing has to incorporate a filter system to help clean the water. Some models use a separate small 24/7 filter pump while others use programmed settings of the main pumps.
  • Induced air: The jets may use a venturi effect to incorporate air into the water stream for a lighter massage effect; this requires another set of hoses.
  • Some models use an air blower to force air through a separate set of jets for a different "bubbly" massage effect; this is a separate system from the induced air.
  • An ozone system: ozonation is a common adjunct to water maintenance, and if installed will have its own set of hoses and fittings.

Heating and energy use

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Hot tubs are usually heated using an electric or natural gas heater, though there are also submersible wood fire hot tub heaters, as well as solar hot water systems. Hot tubs are also found at natural hot springs; in this case, the water may be dangerously hot and must be combined with cool water for a safe soaking temperature.

Effective insulation greatly improves the energy efficiency of a hot tub. There are several different styles of hot tub insulation: some manufacturers fill the entire cabinet with foam, while others insulate the underside of the shell, the inside of the cabinet, or both. Many manufacturers advertise the superiority of their approach to insulation, but few independent side-by-side comparisons are available. The hot tub pump and hot tub heater represent most of the power consumption in a hot tub and vary in use of power depending on their size.[4]

Energy efficiency of portable hot tubs has been studied by the Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PGEC),[5] leading to industry responses[6] and interest from both the California Energy Commission and Natural Resources Canada.[citation needed] California's portable electric hot tub listing[5] include R values of thermal insulation, and standby watts.[7][8]

In 2019 an update to the ANSI standard for energy efficiency was approved. For the first time, this new standard increases the minimum energy efficiency level for portable spas and inflatable spas.[9][10] Hot tub covers have been shown to reduce most of the evaporative losses from the pool when not in use. With this component of heat loss being 70%,[11] a cover with even a small R-value is able to achieve as much as a 75% reduction in heating costs when used as opposed to leaving the water surface exposed.[12]

There are several different types of spa covers. Some covers are better for insulation and therefore are lighter on internal parts and energy efficiency. Some examples of covers are insulated, aluminum, rolling, or a tonneau.[citation needed]

Sanitation and water quality

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Since some hot tubs are not drained after each use it is necessary to treat the water to keep it attractive and safe. It must be neither too alkaline nor too acidic, and must be sanitised to stay free of harmful microorganisms. Partly due to their high water temperatures, hot tubs can pose particular health risks if not regularly maintained: outbreaks of Legionnaires' Disease have been traced to poorly sanitized hot tubs.[13] Typically chlorine or bromine are used as sanitizers, but salt water chlorination is starting to become more common.

Sanitation can also be aided by a non-chemical ozonator.

For aesthetic reasons, and for the sanitizer to work properly, water should be neither too alkaline nor too acidic (low pH). The hardness level of the water, measured as the amount of dissolved calcium, is also important. Insufficient hardness can lead to corrosion and water foaming. The ideal range of calcium hardness levels in a hot tub or spa water should be between 150 and 250 ppm (parts per million)[citation needed]

Types

[edit]
Wooden hot tub on a trailer, Finland.
  • Portable vinyl-liner hot tub: these are cheaper and smaller, and require less power, e.g. 110–120 V 15 A household power circuits in North America.[citation needed]
  • Roto-molded hot tubs are constructed with the shell and surrounding cabinet as a single piece. They have molded seating.[14]
  • Acrylic: these hot tubs have a cast acrylic shell, supported by a frame structure, and are usually surrounded by a skirt of either cedar or simulated wood-grain plastic. They typically can seat two to seven persons or more.[citation needed][15]
  • Cement: hot tubs can also be built of cement, above-ground, or in-ground like a small swimming pool.[citation needed]
  • Wooden hot tubs: round wooden hot tubs peaked in popularity in the 1970s, having now been replaced by modern construction methods. Wooden hot tubs are often made of redwood or cedar and assembled from vertical staves and the structure is held together like wooden barrels, with metal bands.[14]
  • Stainless steel hot tubs can be made in any shape and size and are extremely durable.[16]
  • Fiberglass hot tub: glass-reinforced polyester (GRP) hot tubs are made of a plastic matrix reinforced by fine fibers of glass.[citation needed]
  • Inflatable PVC hot tubs. An inflatable hot tub is an air-filled spa structure. Air is pumped into a vinyl skin that expands and creates a solid form. Most commonly round in shape.[17][18]

Safety

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Sitting in water above normal body temperatures can cause drowsiness which may lead to unconsciousness and subsequently result in drowning. The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) recommends that water temperatures never exceed 40 degrees Celsius (104 °F). A temperature of 37 degrees Celsius (100 °F) is considered safe for a healthy adult. Soaking in water above 39 degrees Celsius (102 °F) can cause fetal damage during the first three months of pregnancy.[19]

It is also recommended to install residual-current devices for protection against electrocution. The greater danger associated with electrical shock in the water is that the person may be rendered immobile and unable to rescue themselves or to call for help and then drown.[20]

Hot tubs and spas are equipped with drains that can create powerful suction and between 1980 and 1996, the CPSC had reports of more than 700 deaths in spas and hot tubs, about one-third of which were drownings to children under age five. In the same period 18 incidents were reported to the CPSC involving body part entrapment. To reduce the risk of entrapment, US safety standards require that each spa have two drains for each pump, reducing the amount of suction.[21] From 1999 to 2007 there were 26 reports to the CPSC concerning circulation entrapments hot tubs and spas, including three deaths.[22]

In 2001[23] and in 2012[24] the CPSC issued recalls for spa heaters which overheated and caused fires.

The Uniform Swimming Pool, Spa and Hot Tub Code is a model code developed by the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO) to govern the installation and inspection of plumbing systems associated with swimming pools, spas and hot tubs as a means of promoting the public's health, safety and welfare.[25]

Disease risk

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Poorly sanitized hot tubs have been linked to a number of diseases, principally caused by facultative anaerobic bacteria. Such incidents include hot tub folliculitis and legionellosis.[26][27]

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See also

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References

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  1. ^ "Has jacuzzi become a generic trademark?". genericides.org. Archived from the original on March 6, 2021. Retrieved March 2, 2021.
  2. ^ a b Ikaria: The Ancient Spa of Therma in Ikaria Greece, Eastern Aegean, Greeka.com.
  3. ^ Schadewalt H. The history of Roman bathing culture [in Dutch]. Integraal1989;4:25–35
  4. ^ "Tips to Improve Hot Tub Energy Use" (PDF). Retrieved 18 October 2014.
  5. ^ a b Pacific Gas and Electric Company (May 12, 2004), Analysis of Standards Options For Portable Electric Spas (PDF), California Energy Commission, archived from the original (PDF) on 2006-10-06, retrieved 2008-09-09 (archived from the original on 2006-10-06).
  6. ^ Katherine Wang and Joshua Keim (September 2007). Turning Up the Heat. Poolspanews.com. Retrieved on 2012-08-10.
  7. ^ "List of portable electric hot tubs approved for sale in California". Archived from the original on Oct 27, 2008.
  8. ^ California's current appliance efficiency regulations. energy.ca.gov (2006).
  9. ^ Megan Geuss (January 13, 2020), Updated hot tub standard could bring surprisingly big energy savings to states, Appliance Standards Awareness Project, retrieved 2020-05-14
  10. ^ ANSI/APSP/ICC-3 "Permanently Installed Residential Spas" (PDF), American National Standards Institute, January 8, 2018
  11. ^ "Shutting down your hot tub to save electricity?". 2023-01-28.
  12. ^ "Shutting down your hot tub to save electricity?". 2023-01-28.
  13. ^ BBC (12 March 2013). "Stoke-on-Trent Legionnaires' deaths: Report calls for hot tub review". BBC News. Retrieved April 20, 2013.
  14. ^ a b Chahine, Aline (2020-08-13). "9 Types of Hot Tubs to Consider For Your Future Home". Architecture Lab. Retrieved 2021-04-20.
  15. ^ Samaan, Payal (9 July 2021). "What are Acrylic Hot Tubs". Allstate Home Leisure.
  16. ^ "The Best Hot Tubs for the Home". Bob Vila. 2020-10-28. Retrieved 2021-04-20.
  17. ^ Bob Barton (August 2016), "Recent Work on the Design and Construction of Air Inflated Structures", Procedia Engineering, 155, Science Direct: 47–60, doi:10.1016/j.proeng.2016.08.006
  18. ^ What Makes An Inflatable Spa Different From A Regular Spa?, 24 May 2020
  19. ^ "CPSC Warns Of Hot Tub Temperatures". U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. Archived from the original on 11 October 2011. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  20. ^ "Install Ground-Fault Circuit-Interrupter Protection for Pools, Spas and Hot Tubs" (PDF). U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 15 November 2012. Retrieved 2 December 2012.
  21. ^ "CPSC Issues Warning for Pools, Spas, and Hot Tubs". U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. Archived from the original on 2 December 2012. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
  22. ^ "1999–2007 Reported Circulation/Suction Entrapments" (PDF). U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. Archived from the original (PDF) on 8 January 2013. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
  23. ^ "2001 Reported Fires Caused by Hot Tubs". U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
  24. ^ "2012 Reported Fires Caused by Hot Tubs". U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission. Retrieved 3 December 2012.
  25. ^ 2021 Uniform Swimming Pool, Spa and Hot Tub Code (18 ed.). International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO). February 2021.
  26. ^ "Hot Tub Rash (Pseudomonas/ Folliculitis) | Healthy Swimming | Healthy Water | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2020-07-01. Retrieved 2021-04-20.
  27. ^ "Respiratory Infections | Healthy Swimming | Healthy Water | CDC". www.cdc.gov. 2021-03-30. Retrieved 2021-04-20.
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Reviews for Wallaby Pools Nashville


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They do an outstanding job installing beautiful pools and transforming backyards. Winston is exceptional, his communication is top-notch, and he ensures every detail is perfect. Highly recommend!

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Frequently Asked Questions

A pool contractor manages the design, construction, and installation of swimming pools. They handle permits, oversee subcontractors, and ensure the project meets local building codes and safety standards.

A dip pool is a small, shallow pool designed for cooling off and relaxing. In Nashville, they�re popular due to their compact size, lower maintenance requirements, and ability to fit into smaller outdoor spaces.

Look for a licensed and insured contractor with strong local reviews and a proven track record. Ask about their experience, request a portfolio of completed projects, and compare quotes to find the best fit for your needs.

Fiberglass pools are known for their durability, low maintenance requirements, and smooth, non-porous surface that resists algae. Their quick installation time and long lifespan make them a popular option for homeowners.

Check their licensing, insurance, and experience with local regulations. Reading customer reviews and asking for references can help you find trustworthy installers who deliver quality work on time and within budget.

Above-ground pools are a budget-friendly option that�s quick to install and easy to maintain. They offer flexibility in placement and can be removed or relocated if needed. With proper care, above-ground pools provide years of backyard fun.