Pool installer Nashville

Large tub for hydrotherapy or pleasure

For other uses, see Hot tub (disambiguation).

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A hot tub is a large tub full of water used for hydrotherapy, relaxation or pleasure. Some have powerful jets for massage purposes. Hot tubs are sometimes also known as "spas" or by the trade name Jacuzzi.^[1] Hot tubs may be located outdoors or indoors.

In contrast to a typical bathtub, a hot tub is designed to be used by more than one person at a time, with many models accommodating four or more people. Unlike baths, soaps and shampoos are not used in wet-jetted hot tubs (although they can be used in air-jetted hot tubs). Home hot tubs are often closer in construction to standard bathtubs, while the construction of a public hot tub often has more in common with a swimming pool, of which it can be considered a type.

History

[edit]

The earliest hot tubs were calderas in which hot stones were placed to heat the water.^{[citation needed]} Therma in Ikaria has been a very popular place particularly for hydrotherapy ever since the 4th century B.C.^[2] The remains of wrecked marble bathtubs along with a prehistoric aqueduct that have been unearthed from this area bear ample testimony of the place's popularity in the ancient times.^[2]

In 737 A.D., Japan's first onsen opened near Izumo, Shimane, and centuries later, the first ryokan (inns) were built, offering food, accommodations, and soaking tubs called ofuro.

In ancient Rome, there were three types of baths: Baths at home (balnea), private baths (balnea privata), and public baths (balnea publica). The practice of bathing was so engrained that the Roman legions, during their long occupations in foreign lands, built their own baths at mineral and thermal springs in the newly conquered lands. Examples are found all over Europe.^[3]

In the 1940s, hot tubs began to appear in the US, inspired by the Japanese ofuro. Hydrotherapy pumps were introduced by Jacuzzi. Fiberglass shell hot tubs appeared around 1970 and were soon superseded by cast acrylic shells.

The plumbing of the hot tub consists of:

• A pressure system delivering water to the jets.
• A suction system returning water to the pumps.
• A filtration system: the plumbing has to incorporate a filter system to help clean the water. Some models use a separate small 24/7 filter pump while others use programmed settings of the main pumps.
• Induced air: The jets may use a venturi effect to incorporate air into the water stream for a lighter massage effect; this requires another set of hoses.
• Some models use an air blower to force air through a separate set of jets for a different "bubbly" massage effect; this is a separate system from the induced air.
• An ozone system: ozonation is a common adjunct to water maintenance, and if installed will have its own set of hoses and fittings.

Hot tubs are usually heated using an electric or natural gas heater, though there are also submersible wood fire hot tub heaters, as well as solar hot water systems. Hot tubs are also found at natural hot springs; in this case, the water may be dangerously hot and must be combined with cool water for a safe soaking temperature.

Effective insulation greatly improves the energy efficiency of a hot tub. There are several different styles of hot tub insulation: some manufacturers fill the entire cabinet with foam, while others insulate the underside of the shell, the inside of the cabinet, or both. Many manufacturers advertise the superiority of their approach to insulation, but few independent side-by-side comparisons are available. The hot tub pump and hot tub heater represent most of the power consumption in a hot tub and vary in use of power depending on their size.^[4]

Energy efficiency of portable hot tubs has been studied by the Pacific Gas and Electric Company (PGEC),^[5] leading to industry responses^[6] and interest from both the California Energy Commission and Natural Resources Canada.^{[citation needed]} California's portable electric hot tub listing^[5] include R values of thermal insulation, and standby watts.^[7][8]

In 2019 an update to the ANSI standard for energy efficiency was approved. For the first time, this new standard increases the minimum energy efficiency level for portable spas and inflatable spas.^[9][10] Hot tub covers have been shown to reduce most of the evaporative losses from the pool when not in use. With this component of heat loss being 70%,^[11] a cover with even a small R-value is able to achieve as much as a 75% reduction in heating costs when used as opposed to leaving the water surface exposed.^[12]

There are several different types of spa covers. Some covers are better for insulation and therefore are lighter on internal parts and energy efficiency. Some examples of covers are insulated, aluminum, rolling, or a tonneau.^{[citation needed]}

Since some hot tubs are not drained after each use it is necessary to treat the water to keep it attractive and safe. It must be neither too alkaline nor too acidic, and must be sanitised to stay free of harmful microorganisms. Partly due to their high water temperatures, hot tubs can pose particular health risks if not regularly maintained: outbreaks of Legionnaires' Disease have been traced to poorly sanitized hot tubs.^[13] Typically chlorine or bromine are used as sanitizers, but salt water chlorination is starting to become more common.

Sanitation can also be aided by a non-chemical ozonator.

For aesthetic reasons, and for the sanitizer to work properly, water should be neither too alkaline nor too acidic (low pH). The hardness level of the water, measured as the amount of dissolved calcium, is also important. Insufficient hardness can lead to corrosion and water foaming. The ideal range of calcium hardness levels in a hot tub or spa water should be between 150 and 250 ppm (parts per million)^{[citation needed]}

• Portable vinyl-liner hot tub: these are cheaper and smaller, and require less power, e.g. 110–120 V 15 A household power circuits in North America.^{[citation needed]}
• Roto-molded hot tubs are constructed with the shell and surrounding cabinet as a single piece. They have molded seating.^[14]
• Acrylic: these hot tubs have a cast acrylic shell, supported by a frame structure, and are usually surrounded by a skirt of either cedar or simulated wood-grain plastic. They typically can seat two to seven persons or more.^{[citation needed][15]}
• Cement: hot tubs can also be built of cement, above-ground, or in-ground like a small swimming pool.^{[citation needed]}
• Wooden hot tubs: round wooden hot tubs peaked in popularity in the 1970s, having now been replaced by modern construction methods. Wooden hot tubs are often made of redwood or cedar and assembled from vertical staves and the structure is held together like wooden barrels, with metal bands.^[14]
• Stainless steel hot tubs can be made in any shape and size and are extremely durable.^[16]
• Fiberglass hot tub: glass-reinforced polyester (GRP) hot tubs are made of a plastic matrix reinforced by fine fibers of glass.^{[citation needed]}
• Inflatable PVC hot tubs. An inflatable hot tub is an air-filled spa structure. Air is pumped into a vinyl skin that expands and creates a solid form. Most commonly round in shape.^[17][18]

Sitting in water above normal body temperatures can cause drowsiness which may lead to unconsciousness and subsequently result in drowning. The U.S. Consumer Product Safety Commission (CPSC) recommends that water temperatures never exceed 40 degrees Celsius (104 °F). A temperature of 37 degrees Celsius (100 °F) is considered safe for a healthy adult. Soaking in water above 39 degrees Celsius (102 °F) can cause fetal damage during the first three months of pregnancy.^[19]

It is also recommended to install residual-current devices for protection against electrocution. The greater danger associated with electrical shock in the water is that the person may be rendered immobile and unable to rescue themselves or to call for help and then drown.^[20]

Hot tubs and spas are equipped with drains that can create powerful suction and between 1980 and 1996, the CPSC had reports of more than 700 deaths in spas and hot tubs, about one-third of which were drownings to children under age five. In the same period 18 incidents were reported to the CPSC involving body part entrapment. To reduce the risk of entrapment, US safety standards require that each spa have two drains for each pump, reducing the amount of suction.^[21] From 1999 to 2007 there were 26 reports to the CPSC concerning circulation entrapments hot tubs and spas, including three deaths.^[22]

In 2001^[23] and in 2012^[24] the CPSC issued recalls for spa heaters which overheated and caused fires.

The Uniform Swimming Pool, Spa and Hot Tub Code is a model code developed by the International Association of Plumbing and Mechanical Officials (IAPMO) to govern the installation and inspection of plumbing systems associated with swimming pools, spas and hot tubs as a means of promoting the public's health, safety and welfare.^[25]

Poorly sanitized hot tubs have been linked to a number of diseases, principally caused by facultative anaerobic bacteria. Such incidents include hot tub folliculitis and legionellosis.^[26][27]

• 
  Bathers enjoying a hot tub in the winter in Keystone, Colorado
• 
  Wood-fired hot tub at the Adirondack Canoe Classic, Saranac Lake, NY
• 
  A hot tub at the Big White Ski Resort, Canada

• Media related to Whirlpool baths at Wikimedia Commons

City history timeline

The following is a timeline of the history of the city of Nashville, Tennessee, United States.

This is a dynamic list and may never be able to satisfy particular standards for completeness. You can help by adding missing items with reliable sources.

Prior to 19th century

[edit]

• v
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• e

Part of a series on the
History of Tennessee
By year Pre-statehood U.S. Civil War Since 1900 Topics: African-Americans - Cities - Military - Politics
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• 1780
  • Fort Nashborough established.^[1]
  • Cumberland Compact signed; Cumberland Association formed.^[1]
• 1784 – Nashville established.^[2][3]
• 1785 – Davidson Academy incorporated.^[4]
• 1789 – Methodist church built.^[5]
• 1796 – Settlement becomes part of the state of Tennessee.
• 1797 – Tennessee Gazette and Mero District Advertiser newspaper begins publication.^[6]

19th century

[edit]

• 1806
  • Town incorporated.^[2][3]
  • Joseph Coleman becomes mayor.^[2]
• 1812 – Tennessee General Assembly relocates to Nashville from Knoxville.^[7]
• 1813 – Nashville Library Co., Inc. established.^[8]
• 1817 – Tennessee General Assembly relocates from Nashville to Knoxville.^[7]
• 1818
  • Earl's Nashville Museum opens.^[9]
  • Population: 3,000 (approximate).^[10]
• 1820 – Christian Church built.^[5]
• 1822 – Nashville City Cemetery established.
• 1823 – Presbyterian church built.^[5]
• 1825 – Decker & Dyer Reading Room established.^[8]
• 1826
  • Tennessee General Assembly relocates to Nashville from Murfreesboro.^[7]
  • Cumberland College opened.
• 1829 – Christ Church built.^[5]
• 1830 – Population: 5,566.^[11]
• 1831 – Tennessee State Penitentiary built.^[5]
• 1833 – Waterworks established.^[5]
• 1835 – Tennessee Society for the Diffusion of Knowledge organized.^[12]
• 1837 – House of Industry for Females established.^[5]
• 1838 – First Baptist Church built.^[5]
• 1840 – Population: 6,929.^[11]
• 1841 – Mechanics' Library Association formed.^[8]
• 1842 – Burns & Co. in business.^[13]
• 1843 – Nashville becomes capital of Tennessee.^[7]
• 1844 – Tennessee School for the Blind^[14] and Mechanics Institute and Library Association established.^[12]
• 1845 – Protestant Orphan Asylum established.^[5]
• 1847 – St. Mary's Cathedral built.^[5]
• 1849 – Merchants' Library and Reading Room^[8] and Tennessee Historical Society founded.^[12]
• 1850
  • June: Nashville Convention held.^[3]
  • Suspension bridge built over the Cumberland River.^[5]
  • Population: 10,165.^[11]
• 1851
  • Nashville Gas Light Company in operation.^[5]
  • Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway starts operating.
• 1852
  • Public school system inaugurated.^[5]
  • Davidson County Jail built.^[5]
• 1854
  • Southern Methodist Publishing House headquartered in Nashville.^[15]
  • Tennessee State Library established.^[12]
• 1855 – Giers photo studio in business.
• 1856 – Church of the Assumption built.^[5]
• 1857 – Davidson County Court House rebuilt.^[5]
• 1858 – City Workhouse and Church of St. Ann's built.^[5]
• 1859
  • Tennessee State Capitol, draw-bridge, and Central Baptist Church built.^[5]
  • Louisville and Nashville Railroad begins operating.^[3]
• 1860 - Population: 16,988.^[11]
• 1862
  • City under Union control.^[3]
  • Fort Negley built.
• 1863 – St. Mary's Catholic Orphan Asylum founded.^[5]
• 1864 – December 15–16: Battle of Nashville.
• 1865 – Fisk Free Colored School,^[16] Ward Seminary for Young Ladies,^[3] and Earhart's Bryant & Stratton's Commercial College established.^[5]
• 1866 – Central Tennessee College founded.^[3]
• 1867
  • Montgomery Bell Academy opens.^[2]
  • Nashville Lyceum Association incorporated.^[17]
• 1869 – Howard Chapel built.^[5]
• 1870
  • Sulphur Dell ballpark opens.
  • Population: 25,865.^[11]
• 1871
  • Tennessee and Pacific Railroad (Lebanon-Nashville) begins operating.
  • Fisk University Jubilee Singers,^[3] Library Association,^[8] and Nashville Saddlery Company established.^[18]
• 1873 – Vanderbilt University established.^[3]
• 1874 – Hebrew temple and First Cumberland Presbyterian Church built.^[5]
• 1876 – Nashville Banner newspaper begins publication.^[19]
• 1880 – Population: 43,350.^[11]
• 1884 – Nashville Athletic Club formed.
• 1885 – Industrial School^[2] and Query Club (women's group) established.^[20]
• 1889
  • The Hermitage museum opens.
  • Boscobel College for Young Ladies established.^[3]
  • Peabody Normal College active.^[3][21]
• 1890 – Population: 76,168.^[11][3]
• 1891
  • Nashville Bible School founded.
  • Cumberland Park opened as a horse racing track.
• 1892
  • March 17: St. Patrick's Day Snowstorm dumps 17 inches of snow on the city.^[22]
  • Union Gospel Tabernacle built.^[23]
  • Maxwell House coffee introduced.
• 1893 - Tennessee Central Railway starts operating.
• 1894 - United Daughters of the Confederacy headquartered in Nashville.
• 1897
  • Tennessee Centennial and International Exposition held.^[3]
  • Parthenon opened, a replica of the original, functions as an art museum.^[3]
• 1898
  • Howard Library established.
  • Tennessee State Penitentiary rebuilt.
• 1900
  • Meharry Medical College active.^[24]
  • Population: 80,865.^[11][3]
  • Polk Place demolished.

20th century

[edit]

1900s-1940s

[edit]

• 1904 – Carnegie Library opens.^[25]
• 1905 – Centennial Club (women's group) active.^[26][27]
• 1906
  • Tennessee State Fair begins.
  • Nashville Globe newspaper begins publication.^[19]
• 1907 – Nashville Tennessean newspaper in publication.^[19]
• 1909
  • Sparkman Street Bridge opens.
  • Cumberland College closes.
• 1910
  • Nashville Art Association chartered^[28]
  • Hermitage Hotel in business
  • Advance Publishing Company incorporated^[29]
  • Population: 110,364^[11][3]
• 1912 - Urban League branch established.^[30]
• 1916 – Nashville Housewives League organized.^[20]
• 1918
  • July 9: Great Train Wreck of 1918.
  • 1918 influenza epidemic.^[31]
• 1920 – Population: 118,342.^[11]
• 1922 - Nashville's first radio station, WDAA, signs on^[32]
• 1925
  • War Memorial Auditorium dedicated.^[33]
  • WSM radio and its Grand Ole Opry begin broadcasting.^[34]
  • Belcourt Theatre built.^[23]
• 1926 - WLAC radio begins broadcasting.^[34]
• 1927
  • Warner Parks open.
  • WSIX radio begins broadcasting.^[34]
• 1930
  • First American National Bank formed.
  • Population: 153,866.^[11]
• 1931
  • Nashville Children's Theatre established.
  • Parthenon rebuilt.
• 1936 – Berry Field (airport) dedicated.
• 1937 – Tennessee State Museum established.
• 1940 - Population: 167,402.^[11]
• 1941
  • W47NV radio licensed.
  • Iroquois Steeplechase begins.
• 1942 – Acuff-Rose Music and Harveys (department store) in business.
• 1946 – Nashville Symphony founded.

1950s-1990s

[edit]

• 1950
  • WSM-TV begins broadcasting.^[35]
  • Population: 174,307.^[11]
• 1951
  • Ben West becomes mayor.
  • The Harpeth Hall School opens.
• 1952 - Tennessee Theatre opens.^[36]
• 1953 – WSIX-TV begins broadcasting.^[35]
• 1954 – WLAC-TV begins broadcasting.^[35]
• 1955 - Brothers Owen and Harold Bradley establish Bradley Film and Recording Studio, the first studio in what will become Nashville's Music Row neighborhood.
• 1957
  • Nashville, Chattanooga and St. Louis Railway stops operating.
  • Life & Casualty Tower built.
  • RCA Studios begins operation at the corner of 17th Ave. S. and Hawkins St. It will become known as RCA Studio B.^[37]
• 1960
  • Nashville sit-ins for civil rights occur.^[38]
  • Cheekwood Museum opens.
  • Population: 170,874.^[11]
• 1961 – Country Music Hall of Fame and Museum established.
• 1962
  • WDCN-TV begins broadcasting.
  • Nashville Municipal Auditorium opens.^[39]
• 1963
  • City consolidates its government with Davidson County.^[40]
  • Metropolitan Council (Nashville) established.^[41]
  • Beverly Briley becomes mayor.
• 1964 - American Association for State and Local History headquartered in Nashville.
• 1967 – 100 Oaks Mall in business near city.
• 1968 – Third National Bank Building constructed.
• 1970 - Population: 448,003.^[11]
• 1972
  • Fan Fair music festival begins.
  • Opryland USA opens.
• 1974
  • Regions Center (Nashville) built.
  • Grand Ole Opry House opens.
• 1975 – Richard Fulton becomes mayor.
• 1978 - The Nashville Sounds minor-league baseball team plays its inaugural season.
• 1980
  • Tennessee Performing Arts Center opens.
  • Sri Ganesha Temple established.^[42]
  • Population: 455,651.^[11]
• 1981 – Nashville Opera Guild chartered.
• 1982 - Foreign trade zone established.^[43][44]
  • Bluebird Cafe opens ^[45]
• 1983 - Nissan car manufactory begins operating in nearby Smyrna.
• 1985 – Starwood Amphitheatre opens.
• 1986 – Tennessee Players founded.^[29]
• 1987
  • Nashville Airport terminal built.
  • Bill Boner becomes mayor.
• 1988 – Nashville Shakespeare Festival and Nashville Pride begin.
• 1989
  • Nashville Scene begins publication.
  • Prince's Hot Chicken Shack in business (approximate date).^[46]
• 1990
  • Grassmere Wildlife Park established.^[47]
  • Population: 488,374.^[11]
• 1991 – Phil Bredesen becomes mayor.
• 1994
  • City website online.^[48][49]
  • South Central Bell Building constructed.
  • American Airlines begins nonstop service between London and Nashville.
• 1996
  • Bicentennial Mall State Park opens.
  • Magdalene program for women, and Nashville Zoo at Grassmere established.
  • Nashville Arena built.
• 1998
  • April 15–16: Tornado.
  • After playing in Memphis for one season, the Tennessee OIlers football team plays its first Nashville games at Vanderbilt Stadium.
  • Nashville Predators ice hockey team formed.
• 1999
  • Adelphia Coliseum opens.
  • Bill Purcell becomes mayor.^[50]
  • Al Gore presidential campaign, 2000 headquartered in city.^[51]
• 2000 – The City Paper begins publication.

21st century

[edit]

• 2001
  • Tennessee Immigrant Rights Coalition headquartered in city.
  • Frist Center for the Visual Arts established.
• 2002 Nashville Public Education Foundation established by Nelson C. Andrews and Thomas J. Sherrard
• 2003 – Shelby Street pedestrian bridge opens.
• 2006
  • Schermerhorn Symphony Center opens.
  • Viridian Tower built.
  • Car manufacturer Nissan's North American headquarters in business in nearby Franklin.^[52]
• 2007 – Karl Dean becomes mayor.^[53]
• 2008 – Nashville for All of Us (group) organized.
• 2009
  • Third Man Records in business.
  • The Pinnacle at Symphony Place built.
  • Live on the Green begins.
  • Voters reject Nashville English Only Amendment.^[54]
• 2010
  • April–May: Flood.
  • Population: 601,222.
• 2011
  • October: Occupy Nashville begins.
  • Parnassus Books in business.^[55]
• 2012
  • March: Occupy Vanderbilt begins.
  • MyCity Academy (government program) established.
  • Fictional Nashville TV series makes national premiere on ABC, transfers to CMT in 2016 after being canceled by the former and due to fan efforts
• 2013 – Music City Center opens.
• 2015
  • Construction begins on 505 skyscraper.
  • Megan Barry becomes mayor.
• 2020
  • Tornado outbreak of March 2-3, 2020: 22 people killed in tornadoes in Tennessee and Kentucky; the Nashville EF-3 tornado, which kills 4, north of downtown, somewhat mirrors the 1998 tornado's path
  • The Nashville bombing occurs, injuring eight people and causing major damage
• 2023 – The Covenant School shooting occurs, killing six people and the perpetrator.
• Freddie O'Connell becomes mayor.

See also

[edit]

• History of Nashville, Tennessee
• National Register of Historic Places listings in Davidson County, Tennessee
• List of mayors of Nashville, Tennessee
• List of companies based in Nashville
• Nashville sister city timelines: Caen, Magdeburg
• Timelines of other cities in Tennessee: Chattanooga, Clarksville, Knoxville, Memphis, Murfreesboro
• Nashville Market House

References

[edit]

1. ^ ^{a b} Federal Writers' Project 1939.
2. ^ ^{a b c d e} Wooldridge 1890.
3. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p} Britannica 1910.
4. ^ J.G.M. Ramsey (1853), The annals of Tennessee to the end of the eighteenth century, Charleston, Tenn.: J. Russell, OCLC 11827530, OL 13558206M
5. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q r s t u v} Robert 1880.
6. ^ Williams 1860, p. 90: "History of the Nashville Press"
7. ^ ^{a b c d} "Tennessee Encyclopedia of History and Culture". University of Tennessee Press.
8. ^ ^{a b c d e} Davies Project. "American Libraries before 1876". Princeton University. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
9. ^ "Research & Collections". Tennessee Historical Society. Archived from the original on December 8, 2013. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
10. ^ Jedidiah Morse; Richard C. Morse (1823), "Nashville", A New Universal Gazetteer (4th ed.), New Haven: S. Converse
11. ^ ^{a b c d e f g h i j k l m n o p q} Population of the 100 Largest Cities and Other Urban Places in the United States: 1790 to 1990, U.S. Census Bureau, 1998
12. ^ ^{a b c d} Williams 1860.
13. ^ Marshall 1881.
14. ^ John V. Armstrong (1898), Tennessee School for the Blind: History and Prospectus, Nashville, OL 23400876Mcitation: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
15. ^ "Nashville: Publishing Bibles Is Big Business", Los Angeles Times, May 28, 1986
16. ^ Crystal A. deGregory (February 17, 2015), "Nashville's Clandestine Black Schools", New York Times, Disunion
17. ^ Acts of the State of Tennessee. 1867.
18. ^ Catalogue and Price-List, Nashville, Tenn: Nashville Saddlery Co., 1889, OCLC 307639234, OL 25397858M
19. ^ ^{a b c} "US Newspaper Directory". Chronicling America. Washington, D.C.: Library of Congress. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
20. ^ ^{a b} "List of Manuscript Collection Finding Aids". Tennessee State Library and Archives. Archived from the original on June 10, 2015. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
21. ^ Eben S. Stearns (1885), Historical sketch of the Normal College, at Nashville, Tenn, Cincinnati: Elm Street Printing Company, OL 24875063M
22. ^ "St. Patrick's Day Snowstorm of 1892". National Weather Service. Retrieved December 29, 2016.
23. ^ ^{a b} "Historic Theatre Inventory". Maryland, USA: League of Historic American Theatres. Archived from the original on July 21, 2013. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
24. ^ Hulda M. Lyttle (1939). "A School for Negro Nurses: At the George W. Hubbard Hospital and Meharry Medical College, Nashville, Tennessee". American Journal of Nursing. 39.
25. ^ ) Public Library, Nashville (Tenn (1904). Annual Report of Carnegie Library of Nashville, Tenn.
26. ^ Doyle 1990.
27. ^ "Nashville". Official Register and Directory of Women's Clubs in America. 1913.
28. ^ American Art Annual. NY. 1911.cite book: CS1 maint: location missing publisher (link)
29. ^ ^{a b} "Special Collections Division: Finding Aids". Nashville Public Library. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
30. ^ National League on Urban Conditions Among Negroes (1912), "Establishment of Branch Organizations in the Several Cities", Bulletin, vol. 2, hdl:2027/chi.14025482
31. ^ "50 U.S. Cities and Their Stories: Nashville", American Influenza Epidemic of 1918–1919: a Digital Encyclopedia, University of Michigan, retrieved February 1, 2016 (includes timeline)
32. ^ "Historical Markers - Nashville Sites". Nashville.gov. Retrieved December 29, 2016.
33. ^ "Timeline". War Memorial Auditorium. Retrieved December 29, 2016.
34. ^ ^{a b c} Jack Alicoate, ed. (1939), "Standard Broadcasting Stations of the United States: Tennessee", Radio Annual, New York: Radio Daily, OCLC 2459636
35. ^ ^{a b c} Charles A. Alicoate, ed. (1960), "Television Stations: Tennessee", Radio Annual and Television Year Book, New York: Radio Daily Corp., OCLC 10512206
36. ^ "Movie Theaters in Nashville, TN". CinemaTreasures.org. Los Angeles: Cinema Treasures LLC. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
37. ^ "National Register of Historic Places Registration Form" (PDF). National Park Service. Retrieved December 29, 2016.
38. ^ "Events", Civil Rights Digital Library, Athens, GA: Digital Library of Georgia (Timeline)
39. ^ "Key Dates in the Auditorium's History". Municipal Auditorium. Retrieved December 29, 2016.
40. ^ Nownes 2010.
41. ^ "Metropolitan Council". Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County, Tennessee. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
42. ^ Pluralism Project. "Hinduism in America". America's Many Religions: Timelines. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Harvard University. Retrieved October 4, 2013.
43. ^ "U.S. Foreign-Trade Zones Board Order Summary". Washington DC: U.S. Department of Commerce, International Trade Administration. Retrieved September 18, 2016.
44. ^ "Merchandise Received and Exports: Top 25, 2015", Annual Report of the Foreign-Trade Zones Board to the Congress of the United States, 2016
45. ^ "The Bluebird Cafe". www.bluebirdcafe.com. Retrieved May 7, 2017.
46. ^ "Nashville Eats". University of Mississippi, Southern Foodways Alliance. March 2006. Retrieved October 30, 2014.
47. ^ Vernon N. Kisling, Jr., ed. (2001). "Zoological Gardens of the United States (chronological list)". Zoo and Aquarium History. USA: CRC Press. p. 375+. ISBN 978-1-4200-3924-5.
48. ^ "Metro Government Website History". Metropolitan Government of Nashville. Retrieved January 30, 2016.
49. ^ "Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County". Archived from the original on January 9, 1997 – via Internet Archive, Wayback Machine.
50. ^ "Mayor's Office". Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County. Archived from the original on August 2, 2002.
51. ^ "Gore challenges Bradley to debates; moves campaign HQ to Tennessee". CNN. September 29, 1999. Archived from the original on December 5, 2006.
52. ^ "Nissan Set to Relocate", New York Times, March 9, 2006
53. ^ "Meet the Mayors". Washington, D.C.: United States Conference of Mayors. Archived from the original on June 27, 2008. Retrieved June 24, 2013.
54. ^ David Bornstein (February 19, 2014), "Immigrants Welcome Here", New York Times
55. ^ "About Us". Parnassus Books. Retrieved October 30, 2014.

Bibliography

[edit]

Wikimedia Commons has media related to Nashville, Tennessee.

• "Nashville/Davidson County Timeline". Nashville Public Library. Archived from the original on June 15, 2015.
• "Local History & Information". Nashville Public Library.
• "History of Nashville". Metropolitan Government of Nashville and Davidson County, Tennessee.
• Library of Congress, Prints & Photos Division. Materials related to Nashville, Tennessee, various dates
• Tennessee State Library and Archives. Nashville City Directories, various dates (digitized)
• Digital Public Library of America. Items related to Nashville, various dates.
• "Bibliography of Tennessee Bibliographies". Tennessee Secretary of State. Local History

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